ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The increase in the number of cases was rapid, and spread to various countries in a short time. Based on epidemiological and virological studies, it has been proven that COVID-19 is transmitted from symptomatic (symptomatic) people to other people who are in close proximity through droplets and aerosols. The application of health protocols is very effective in preventing transmission. Wearing masks, keeping a distance and washing hands are very important in preventing the spread of COVID-19. Subjects and Method: This study is a meta-analysis using the PICO model. The population is the general public (adults over 18 years), the intervention is to wear masks properly and keep a distance. The comparison is not wearing a mask properly and not keeping a distance. The outcome is prevention of the spread of COVID-19. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The keywords to search for articles were "mask" AND "covid transmission" "physical distancing" AND "cross sectional study", from 2019 to 2021. The selection of articles was carried out using the PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has become the cause of one of the greatest crises in the modern history of the global economy, including the agri-food sector. Business suspension and administrative restrictions on movement worsened business conditions and affected both the demand and supply of food products. On the other hand, state aid improved the financial liquidity of enterprises and limited the risk of their bankruptcy. In order to assess the impact of this situation, using the Altman Z-score index, changes in the level of bankruptcy risk in the 1000 largest enterprises in the agri-food sector in Poland in 2018-2020 were examined. The results indicated that during the period of the impact of the pandemic in 2020, the changes in bankruptcy risk were mild. Moreover, the directions of these changes varied depending on the section in which the enterprises operated. In 2020, out of the sixteen examined sections, the Z-score increased in nine and decreased in seven. The risk of bankruptcy decreased the most in the following sections: production of bread and bakery products and production of animal feed. It grew the most in the following sections: processing, preserving fruit and vegetables and refining fats and oils.
ABSTRACT
Background. In recent decades, various telemedicine technologies have been used in providing medical and social care. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the development of IT technologies and made telemedicine a necessity. Currently, there is a need to assess the effectiveness and effectiveness of remote treatment. The article provides an overview of the literature on the role of telemedicine in the primary health care system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim. To assess the role of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method. Analysis and evaluation of foreign experience in the use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medline databases were used for the period from 2010 to 2022. Conclusions. The role of telemedicine in the context of the pandemic was determined and the practical option of conducting virtual assistance from foreign countries was studied. The introduction of remote technologies for medical care requires appropriate technical equipment, training and education of staff and patients, as well as the solution of certain legal and ethical issues. Despite the available evidence of effectiveness, remote technologies cannot replace the traditional approach to treatment, doctor-patient contact.
ABSTRACT
The separate governments in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have been in charge of planning and executing health care services since devolution in the late 1990s. Residents of the UK have access to a National Health Service (NHS) based on clinical need, not financial capacity. Contrarily, free access to social care services is means-tested and subject to a variety of eligibility requirements depending on the United Kingdom country. In comparison to the majority of other high-income nations, the UK has significantly lower levels of physicians and nurses, hospital beds, and diagnostic tools. Due to these deficiencies, the nation has minimal capacity to absorb sudden shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, they have caused an increase in the number of people on waiting lists for elective care, with over 6 million people in England alone in 2022. In the past, the UK's health spending has seen periods of both continuous expansion and austerity. Nevertheless, over the past ten years, total health spending has grown, reaching just over 10% of GDP in 2019. Around 80% of all health spending is public money, which is a significant share and has been stable over the past 20 years. As a result, UK people have little out-of-pocket spending and high levels of protection from the financial effects of illness. To enable real integration amongst health care providers, a number of obstacles still exist in all four countries, including disconnected health information technology systems, duplicate governance structures, and a dearth of strategic planning. Although efforts to encourage such integration through cross-sectoral partnerships have advanced in England, Scotland, and Wales in recent years, Northern Ireland remains the only United Kingdom component county where the NHS and social care are completely organisationally linked.